Phần I. Lý thuyết
- Định nghĩa
– Câu trực tiếp: Câu trực tiếp là lời nói xuất phát trực tiếp từ người nói và thường được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép.
Ví dụ: “I am hungry”, Bob said.
– Câu gián tiếp: Câu gián tiếp hay còn gọi là câu tường thuật là thuật lại lời nói của người khác, không thuật lại đầy đủ các từ ngữ nhưng ý nghĩa vẫn giữ nguyên và không nằm trong dấu ngoặc kép.
Ví dụ: Bob said he was very hungry.
- Cách biến đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp (câu tường thuật)
*Những thay đổi về thì của động từ
| Thì ở câu trực tiếp | Thì ở câu gián tiếp |
| 1. Hiện tại đơn (Simple Present) Ex: “I work for a post office”, she said. |
Quá khứ đơn (Simple Past) She said she worked for a post office. |
| 2. Hiện tại tiếp diễn (Present Continuous) Ex: “I am feeling ill” Tom said to me |
Quá khứ tiếp diễn (Past Continuous) Tom told me that he was feeling ill. |
| 3. Hiện tại hoàn thành (Present Perfect) Ex: Tom said: “I haven’t done it” |
Quá khứ hoàn thành (Past Perfect) Tom said he hadn’t done it |
| 4. Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn Ex: “I’ve been waiting for 2 hours”, Jack said |
Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn Jack said he had been waiting for 2 hours. |
| 5. Quá khứ đơn (Simple Past) Ex: “I didn’t do it”, he said. |
Quá khứ hoàn thành (Past Perfect) He said he hadn’t done it |
| 6. Quá khứ tiếp diễn (Past Continuous) Ex: “I was lying”, he said. |
Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn ( Past perfect Continuous) He said he had been lying |
| 7. Quá khứ hoàn thành (Past Perfect) Ex: “I had already done my homework”, Bob said. |
Quá khứ hoàn thành (Past Perfect) Ex: Bob said he had already done his homework. |
| 8.Tương lai đơn (Simple Future) Ex: “I’ll buy it”, Tom said. |
Tương lai ở quá khứ (Future in the past) Tom would buy it. |
* Lưu ý: Có 1 số trường hợp không thể thực hiện lùi thì khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp trong tiếng Anh:
– Nếu động từ tường thuật chia ở thì hiện tại, khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, động từ chính và các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn/ thời gian được giữ nguyên không đổi
Ví dụ: My sister says: “I’m going to the supermarket.”
→ My sister says she is going to the supermarket.
– Nếu diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên
Ví dụ: He said: “The Sun sets in the West.”
→ He said that the Sun sets in the West.
– Câu điều kiện loại II và loại III.
Ví dụ: “If I were you, I would not say that.” she said
→ She said that if she were me, she would not say that.
– Cấu trúc “Wish + quá khứ đơn/ quá khứ hoàn thành”
Ví dụ: “I wished I lived in Berlin.” Jane said.
→ Jane said she wished she lived in Berlin.
– Cấu trúc “It’s time somebody did something”
Ví dụ: “It’s time he did the washing-up.” his mother said.
→ His mother said it was time he did the washing-up.
Ngoài ra, còn có một số thay đổi với các động từ khiếm khuyết (modal verbs)
| Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
| Can | Could |
| Must/ have to | Had to |
| May | Might |
| Will | Would |
| Shall/ Should | Should |
| Needn’t | Didn’t have to |
*Chuyển trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn và thời gian theo quy luật:
| Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
| This Ex: “I want to buy this pen.” |
That She said she wanted to buy that pen. |
| These Ex: “I want to buy these pens.” |
Those She said she wanted to buy those pens. |
| Here Ex: “I want to sit here.” |
There Ex: She said she wanted to sit there. |
| Now Ex: “I am sitting in front of TV now.” |
Then She said she was waiting in front of TV then. |
| Today Ex: “Today I have a test” |
That day She said she had a test that day. |
| Yesterday Ex: “I had a test yesterday.” |
The day before/ The previous day. She said she had a test the day before. |
| Tomorrow Ex: “I’ll have a test tomorrow.” |
The next day/ The following day. She said she would have a test the next day. |
| Ago Ex: “I had a test 2 days ago.” |
Before She said she had had a test 2 days before. |
| Last night Ex: “I watched TV with my mother last night.” |
The night before/ The previous night. She said she had watched TV with her mother the night before. |
| Next week Ex: “I will go on a picnic next week.” |
The following week/ The week after. She said she would go on a picnic the following week. |
| The day before yesterday Ex: “I had a test the day before yesterday.” |
Two days before/ earlier She said she had had a test 2 days before. |
*Thay đổi đại từ:
– Đại từ nhân xưng
| Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
| I | He/ she |
| We/ you | They |
| You (nếu là chủ ngữ) | They/ I/ he/ she |
| Me | Him/ her |
| Us | Them |
| You (nếu là tân ngữ) | Them/ me/ him/ her |
– Đại từ sở hữu:
| Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
| My | His/ her |
| Our | Their |
| Your | Their/ my/ his/ her |
| Mine | His/ hers |
| Ours | Theirs |
| Yours | Theirs/ mine/ his/ hers |
– Đại từ this/ that, these/ those
+ “This, that” có thể đổi thành “it”
+ “These, those” có thể đổi thành “that/ them”
Ví dụ: Mary said: “This is the first time I’ve broken my arm.”
→ Mary said that it was the first time she had broken her arm.
- Tường thuật câu kể (Statements)
S1 + say(s)/ said (that)+ S2 + verb
S1 + tell(s)/ told + O + (that) + S2 + verb
Ví dụ: “I feel really fed up with my job.” said Susan.
→ Susan said that she felt really fed up with her job.
→ Susan told me that she felt really fed up with her job.
- Tường thuật câu hỏi
*Câu hỏi Yes/No: S + asked/ wanted to know/ wondered + if/ weather+ S + V
– Thêm If/ Whether để mở đầu cho mệnh đề tường thuật.
– Trật từ câu hỏi (động từ trước chủ ngữ) chuyển thành trật tự câu kể (chủ ngữ + động từ). Bỏ do/does/did nếu có, đổi thì của động từ trong mệnh đề tường thuật lùi về quá khứ một thì và thay đổi các yếu tố khác như địa từ, sở hữu, tân ngữ, các từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn,…
Ví dụ: “Are you angry?” he asked. → He asked if/whether I was angry.
*Wh-questions (Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi: what, where, when, how…)
S + asked (+O)/ wanted to know/ wondered + what/ who/…. + S+V
– Không dùng If/ Whether mà dùng lại các từ để hỏi sẵn có (what/ where/ when,…) để mở đầu cho mệnh đề tường thuật.
– Các biến đổi khác thực hiện giống như khi tường thuật câu hỏi Yes/No
Ví dụ: “What are you talking about?” said the teacher.
→ The teacher asked us what we were talking about.
- Tường thuật câu mệnh lệnh, cầu khiến, khuyên bảo, đe dọa, lời mời, ngỏ ý …
*Khẳng định:
S + told/ asked/ advised/ reminded/ agree/ offer/ refuse… + O + to-V
Ví dụ: “Please wait for me here, Mary.” Tom said. (yêu cầu)
→ Tom told Mary to wait for him there.
*Phủ định:
S + told/ asked/ advised/ reminded/ agree + O + NOT to-V
Ví dụ: “Don’t talk in class” the teacher said to us. → The teacher told us not to talk in class.
- Tường thuật lời đề nghị
S + suggested + ( someone ) + V_ing
Ví dụ: “Why don’t you send her some flowers?” he said.
→ He suggested me sending her some flowers.
- Tường thuật với câu điều kiện
Nếu trong lời nói trực tiếp có câu điều kiện, thì chỉ có câu điều loại I là có sự thay đổi về THÌ, hai loại câu điều kiện còn lại thì vẫn giữ nguyên hình thức động từ của chúng.
Ví dụ: “If I have a time, I will visit her,” he said.
→ He said that if he had time, he would visit her.
- “Can you help me with this assignment?” she asked.→ She asked____________________.
- “Did you see the movie last night?” he asked me.→ He asked me____________________.
- “Could you lend me your pen?” he asked his friend.→ He asked his friend____________________.
- “Will you come to the party tomorrow?” she asked her sister.→ She asked her sister____________________.
- “Where did you put the keys?” he asked.→ He asked____________________.
- “Are you feeling better now?” the doctor asked the patient.→ The doctor asked the patient____________________.
- “Did you finish your homework?” the teacher asked the students.→ The teacher asked the students____________________.
- “Would you like some coffee?” he asked me.→ He asked me____________________.
- “Who won the game?” they asked.→ They wanted to know____________________.
- “Are you ready to start?” the coach asked the team.→ The coach asked the team____________________.
- “Where are you going?” she asked her brother.→ She asked her brother____________________.
- “Did you buy the tickets?” he asked his friend.→ He asked his friend____________________.
- “Can I borrow your car for the weekend?” she asked her neighbor.→ She asked her neighbor____________________.
- “Will you pass me the salt, please?” he asked her.→ He asked her____________________.
- “Could you please turn down the volume?” he asked his roommate.→ He asked his roommate____________________.
- “Have you seen my phone?” she asked him.→ She asked him____________________.
- “Can you recommend a good restaurant?” he asked his colleague.→ He asked his colleague____________________.
- “Did you remember to lock the door?” she asked her husband.→ She asked her husband____________________.
- “Would you mind closing the curtains?” she asked her sister.→ She asked her sister____________________.
- “Are you enjoying the party?” he asked his friend.→ He asked his friend____________________.
- “Have you ever been to Paris?” she asked her aunt.→ She asked her aunt____________________.
- “Can you please stop making so much noise?” she asked her children.→ She asked her children____________________.
- “Will you be attending the conference next week?” he asked his boss.→ He asked his boss____________________.
- “Have you finished reading the book?” he asked his sister.→ He asked his sister____________________.
- “Can I have a glass of water?” she asked the waiter.→ She asked the waiter____________________.
Bài tập 2: Viết lại câu
- “Could you please close the window?” she asked.
- “How long have you been studying French?” he inquired.
- “Would you mind passing me the salt, please?” she asked.
- “Are you going to attend the conference?” he asked.
- “Have you finished reading the book?” she inquired.
- “Don’t forget to feed the cat,” she warned.
- “What are they discussing?” he wondered.
- “Do you enjoy playing musical instruments?” he asked.
- “Which color do you prefer, blue or green?” she asked.
- “May I borrow your pen?” he asked.
- “Where is the best place to go hiking?” she asked.
- “Did Sarah send you the invitation?” he inquired.
- “Did you buy the tickets for the concert?” she asked me.
- “Who left the door open?” he asked.
- “Can you help me with this math problem?” she asked.
- “When is your birthday?” he inquired.
- “Could you please lend me your car?” she requested.
- “Did you see the news about the election?” he asked.
- “Are you coming to the party tonight?” she inquired.
- “Don’t touch that hot pan!” she warned.
Task 3. Rewrite these following sentences with the same meaning
- She said, “I am reading.”
→ She said that…….
- They said, “We are busy.”
→ They said that ……….
- He said, “I know a better restaurant.”
→ He said that………
- She said, “I woke up early.”
→ She said that…….
- He said, “I will ring her.”
→ He said that…….
- They said, “We have just arrived.”
→ They said that…….
- He said, “I will clean the car.”
→ He said that…….
- She said, “I did not say that.”
→ She said that…….
- She said, “I don’t know where my shoes are.”
→ She said that…….
- He said: “I won’t tell anyone.”
→ He said that….…
Task 4. Rewrite these following sentences with the same meaning
- “Where is my umbrella?” she asked.
→ She asked…….
- “How are you?” Martin asked us.
→ Martin asked us…….
- He asked, “Do I have to do it?”
→ He asked…….……
- “Where have you been?” the mother asked her daughter.
→ The mother asked her daughter…….
- “Which dress do you like best?” she asked her boyfriend.
→ She asked her boyfriend…….
- “What are they doing?” she asked.
→ She wanted to know…….
- “Are you going to the cinema?” he asked me.
→ He wanted to know…….
- The teacher asked, “Who speaks English?”
→ The teacher wanted to know……
- “How do you know that?” she asked me.
→ She asked me…….
- “Has Caron talked to Kevin?” my friend asked me.
→ My friend asked me…….
Task 5. Rewrite these following sentences with the same meaning
- The doctor said to me, “You should lose weight.”
The doctor advised me…….
- Mary said, “Let’s go to a movie.”
Mary suggested…….
- “I didn’t break the windows”, Bill said.
Bill denied…….….
- “You told a lie, Tom”, she said.
She accused Tom…….
- “I can’t go to your birthday party next Saturday evening, Jack”, said Mary.
Mary apologized for….…
Task 6. Rewrite these following sentences with the same meaning
- “I won’t help you with your homework. Never ! ” Jane said to me.
Jane refused……..
- Joe said, “Please come to my party.”
Joe invited……..
- Mr. Gray said, “Don’t play in the street.”
Mr. Gray warned the children not…….
- “Would you like to come on a picnic with us?
They invited…….
- “Please don’t tell anybody what happened.”
He asked…….
Task 7. Rewrite these following sentences with the same meaning
- “If you don’t give me a pay rise. I’ll resign.”
She threatened……
- “I’ll finish the work by the end of this week.”
John promised……
- “You ought to take a break, Andrew.”
She advised……
- “Don’t forget to go to the supermarket after work.”
They reminded……
- “Why don’t we sing a few songs?”
He suggested…….
Task 8. Chuyển các câu sau về dạng câu trần thuật
- “If the weather is fine, I will go on a picnic with my friends,” she said.
…….
- “What would you do if you had three days off ?” I asked him.
…….
- “I would have come to see you if I had known your address, Jim” she said.
…….
- “I’m sure she will help you if you ask her.” , he told me
…….
- “If Today were Sunday, we wouldn’t go to school.” They said to me.
…….
- She said to me, “If I were you, I wouldn’t tell her about this.
…….
- “There would not be enough seats if a lot of guests came.”
…….
- “You will be surprised if you meet him.” , Peter said to Linda.
…….
9.The boy said : “I won’t be strong if I don’t swim everyday.”
…….
- “What would you do if you saw a snake ?” Nam asked Nga.
….…
Task 9. Chuyển các câu sau về dạng câu trần thuật
- “We’ll have lunch outside in the garden if it’s not cold.” ,Mr John said.
…….
- “Tom would win more races if he trained hard.” , The man said.
…….
- “If you feel like a chat, phone me tonight.” David said to me.
…….
- “If you isn’t eating so much junk food, you would be a lot fitter.” Mother said.
…….
- “I will be surprised if Mary doesn’t pass the exam.” , our teacher said.
…….
- “If I knew her hobbies, I could let you know.” He said to me.
…….
- “If I won the lottery, I would buy a new car.” , the man said.
…….
- “If you had listened to my advice, you wouldn’t have made such a big mistakes.” Julia said to LiLi.