REPORTED SPEECH – CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
1. Khái niệm
Câu tường thuật (Reported Speech) dùng để thuật lại lời nói của người khác (không trích dẫn nguyên văn). Có 3 dạng chính:
- Lời nói thông thường (statements)
- Câu hỏi (questions)
- Câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu (commands/requests)
2. Quy tắc đổi thì (Backshift of Tense)
| Direct speech | Reported speech |
| Present simple | Past simple |
| Present continuous | Past continuous |
| Present perfect | Past perfect |
| Past simple | Past perfect |
| Past continuous | Past perfect continuous |
| Future simple (will) | Would |
| Can | Could |
| May | Might |
| Must | Had to |
Ví dụ:
- “I am tired,” she said → She said she was tired.
- “I have finished,” he said → He said he had finished.
3. Đổi đại từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian – nơi chốn
| Trực tiếp | Gián tiếp |
| I | he / she / they… |
| we | they |
| my | his / her |
| this | that |
| these | those |
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| next week | the following week |
| last week | the week before |
| here | there |
4. Câu tường thuật dạng statements (lời nói)
Cấu trúc:
S + said (that) + S + V (lùi thì)
“I like apples,” she said. →
➡ She said (that) she liked apples.
5. Câu tường thuật dạng questions (câu hỏi)
Yes/No questions:
S + asked / wanted to know + if / whether + S + V (lùi thì)
“Do you like music?” he asked. →
➡ He asked if I liked music.
Wh- questions (what, when, where…):
S + asked / wanted to know + wh-word + S + V (lùi thì)
“Where do you live?” she asked. →
➡ She asked where I lived.
Không dùng trợ động từ (do/does/did) trong mệnh đề tường thuật.
6. Câu tường thuật dạng commands/requests (mệnh lệnh/yêu cầu)
Câu khẳng định:
S + told/asked + O + (not) to + V-inf
“Close the door,” she said to me. →
➡ She told me to close the door.
Câu phủ định:
S + told/asked + O + not to + V-inf
“Don’t shout!” the teacher said. →
➡ The teacher told us not to shout.